The Fiberoptic Breakthrough: Hopkins, Hirschowitz, and the Flexible Scope
By the mid-20th century, endoscopy and laparoscopy were ready for major advancement. Although instruments had evolved into semi-flexible designs, visu…
Blog Archives
The Semiflexible Era: Schindler and the Pre-Fiberoptic Revolution
Endoscopy evolved from candle-lit rigid tubes to electrically illuminated instruments, paving the way for flexible designs through late 19th-century t…
From Mirrors to Incandescent Bulbs: The 19th- Century Leap
By the mid-19th century, improvements in illumination and optics transformed endoscopy from a theoretical idea into a practical clinical tool, …
A Candle in the Darkness – Philipp Bozzini and the Lichtleiter
In 1806, physician Philipp Bozzini introduced the Lichtleiter, a candle-lit, mirror-lined instrument designed for direct visual inspection of internal…
Endoscopy vs Laparoscopy and the Beginnings
Technological progress in medicine, as in other fields, emerges from the interplay of incremental refinement and decisive breakthroughs—those moments …
Laser Refractive Surgery
After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: – Outline the theory and physics of laser refrac1ve surgery – Describe the di…
Refractive Errors, Eye Optics & Vision Correction Options
After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: 1. Explain the anatomy and optics of the eye related to the optical axis of the eye 2. De…
Arterial Ulcers and Diabetic Foot Ulcers
After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to: Describe the important features of medical history related to arterial ulcers and di…
Chronic Wound Care Principles and Venous Ulcers
After listening to his podcast, learners will be able to: List four wound prep principles and five patient related factors for caring for patients wit…
Cardiac Tamponade
Today, we will go over what cardiac tamponade is, how it results, and most importantly, how we diagnose and treat it. After listening to this podcast,…